The short answer for the selling price on Arctic Binding is the +Defense stat.
The short explanation is: The last calculation to determine the "final base price" is a multiplication of (current_defense/minimum_defense). So in this case, 33 is divided by 3, and the result (11) is the multiplier. The selling price is then [final_base_price*[1024*current_durability / maximum_durability] / 4096]. Obviously gambled items are bought with full durability, so it immediately sells back for the (potentially capped) maximum, quite convenient indeed sir. For reference, if the durability was 26/28, it would no longer sell for the capped maximum of 25,000, but in stead for 24,941.
Pelta Lunata is a very similar case where the +40 Defense stat means that the mentioned multiplication is (44/4), which ends up spiking the cost.
The stat +Defense can not spawn at all on Magic and Rare items, so you will generally not see such spiked prices on them. These items can of course spawn high +% Defense, but for example [199%] of (3+1) is still only 7, so the multiplier would be (7/3). (In case you're wondering where the +1 comes from, that's just what happens when +% Defense spawns.)
The long answer would be.. quite long.
There are a ton of variables and constants involved, and there are many different cases that are all handled slightly differently (Superior items, Gemmed items, Low Quality items, items with quantity, items with staffmods.) Some constants/variables are: the stats themselves, the values of those stats, base cost, defense, level of the staffmod(s), etc.
Generally speaking, items with high defense sell very well (especially when Superior or better), simply because Blizzard decided to make defense an expensive thing.
(Funnily enough, in reality it's an extremely underpowered stat because of the 4*attack_rating bug.)
Edit: As for the abundance of Superior Exceptionals:
Because of how the magic find system works, any Exceptional item that is dropped by a level 48+ source will be at least Superior. Of course from a certain point in the game, all sources will be level 48+, so you will no longer see Exceptional items drop that are not at least Superior.
The short explanation is: The last calculation to determine the "final base price" is a multiplication of (current_defense/minimum_defense). So in this case, 33 is divided by 3, and the result (11) is the multiplier. The selling price is then [final_base_price*[1024*current_durability / maximum_durability] / 4096]. Obviously gambled items are bought with full durability, so it immediately sells back for the (potentially capped) maximum, quite convenient indeed sir. For reference, if the durability was 26/28, it would no longer sell for the capped maximum of 25,000, but in stead for 24,941.
Pelta Lunata is a very similar case where the +40 Defense stat means that the mentioned multiplication is (44/4), which ends up spiking the cost.
The stat +Defense can not spawn at all on Magic and Rare items, so you will generally not see such spiked prices on them. These items can of course spawn high +% Defense, but for example [199%] of (3+1) is still only 7, so the multiplier would be (7/3). (In case you're wondering where the +1 comes from, that's just what happens when +% Defense spawns.)
The long answer would be.. quite long.

Generally speaking, items with high defense sell very well (especially when Superior or better), simply because Blizzard decided to make defense an expensive thing.

Edit: As for the abundance of Superior Exceptionals:
Because of how the magic find system works, any Exceptional item that is dropped by a level 48+ source will be at least Superior. Of course from a certain point in the game, all sources will be level 48+, so you will no longer see Exceptional items drop that are not at least Superior.
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